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Carotenoid biosynthesis

State Icon Reaction EC-Number Confidence maximal confidence score from EnzymeDetector
Hydroxyspheroidene + 2 O2 + 4 reduced_ferredoxin + 4 H+ <=> Hydroxyspheroidenone + 3 H2O + 4 oxidized_ferredoxin 1.14.15.9 spheroidene monooxygenase
–
UDP-glucose + abscisic_acid <=> beta-D-glucopyranosyl_abscisate + UDP 2.4.1.263 abscisate beta-glucosyltransferase
–
geranylgeranyl_diphosphate <=> prephytoene_diphosphate + diphosphate 2.5.1.148 lycopaoctaene synthase
2.5.1.32 15-cis-phytoene synthase
–
–
9''-cis-neoxanthin + O2 <=> 2-cis,4-trans-xanthoxin + (3S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6,7-didehydro-5,6-dihydro-12''-apo-beta-caroten-12''-al 1.13.11.51 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase
–
violaxanthin <=> capsorubin 5.3.99.8 capsanthin/capsorubin synthase
–
Thermocryptoxanthin <=> Thermozeaxanthin not assigned
 –
1-hydroxyneurosporene <=> all-trans-neurosporene + H2O 4.2.1.131 carotenoid 1,2-hydratase
–
all-trans-neurosporene + reduced_acceptor + O2 <=> lycopene + acceptor + 2 H2O 1.3.5.6 9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene desaturase
1.3.99.26 all-trans-zeta-carotene desaturase
1.3.99.30 phytoene desaturase (3,4-didehydrolycopene-forming)
1.3.99.31 phytoene desaturase (lycopene-forming)
–
–
–
–
spheroidene + O2 + reduced_ferredoxin_[iron-sulfur]_cluster + H+ <=> spheroiden-2-one + H2O + oxidized_ferredoxin 1.14.15.9 spheroidene monooxygenase
–
beta-carotene <=> Strigolactone_ABC-rings not assigned
 –
1''-Hydroxy-gamma-carotene <=> 1''-Hydroxytorulene 1.14.99
–
Hydroxychlorobactene_glucoside <=> Hydroxychlorobactene_glucoside_ester not assigned
 –
antheraxanthin <=> capsanthin 5.3.99.8 capsanthin/capsorubin synthase
–
gamma-carotene <=> (2''S)-Deoxymyxol_2''-alpha-L-fucoside not assigned
 –
beta-carotene + acceptor <=> beta-isorenieratene + reduced_acceptor 1.3.99.39 carotenoid phi-ring synthase
–
abscisic_aldehyde <=> Abscisic_alcohol not assigned
 –
echinenone + 2 reduced_ferredoxin_[iron-sulfur]_cluster + H+ + O2 <=> 3''-hydroxyechinenone + 2 oxidized_ferredoxin + H2O 1.14.13
1.14.15.24 beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
–
–
lycopene <=> R.g.-Keto_I not assigned
 –
2-cis,4-trans-xanthoxin <=> Xanthoxic_acid not assigned
 –
3-hydroxyechinenone + O2 + reduced_acceptor <=> adonirubin + H2O + acceptor 1.14.99.63 beta-carotene 4-ketolase
1.14.99.64 zeaxanthin 4-ketolase
–
–
(3R,2''S)-Myxol_2''-alpha-L-fucoside + 2 reduced_acceptor + 2 O2 <=> (3S,2''S)-4-Ketomyxol_2''-alpha-L-fucoside + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O 1.14.99.64 zeaxanthin 4-ketolase
–
Caloxanthin <=> nostoxanthin not assigned
 –
7,9,9''-tricis-neurosporene + a_quinone <=> 7,9,7'',9''-tetracis-lycopene + a_quinol 1.3.5.6 9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene desaturase
–
Rhodopinal <=> Rhodopinal_glucoside not assigned
 –
astaxanthin <=> Astaxanthin_diester not assigned
 –
1-methoxy-1'-hydroxy-3,4-didehydrolycopene <=> 1-methoxy-3,4-didehydrolycopene + H2O 4.2.1.131 carotenoid 1,2-hydratase
–
canthaxanthin + reduced_ferredoxin_[iron-sulfur]_cluster + O2 + H+ <=> adonirubin + oxidized_ferredoxin + H2O 1.14.15.24 beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
–
all-trans-4,4''-diapolycopene + reduced_acceptor + O2 <=> 4,4''-diapolycopen-4,4''-dial + acceptor + H2O 1.14.99.44 diapolycopene oxygenase
–
beta-carotene <=> 9-cis-beta-carotene 5.2.1.14 beta-carotene isomerase
–
beta-carotene + reduced_acceptor + O2 <=> echinenone + acceptor + H2O 1.14.99.63 beta-carotene 4-ketolase
–
9-cis-violaxanthin <=> 9''-cis-Neoxanthin 5.3.99.9 neoxanthin synthase
–
R.g.-Keto_I <=> Thiothece-474 not assigned
 –
Thiothece-474 <=> Okenone not assigned
 –
abscisic_aldehyde + H2O + O2 <=> H+ + abscisic_acid + H2O2 1.2.3.1 aldehyde oxidase
1.2.3.14 abscisic-aldehyde oxidase
–
–
1-hydroxylycopene + acceptor <=> 1-hydroxy-3,4-didehydrolycopene + reduced_acceptor 1.3.99.27 1-hydroxycarotenoid 3,4-desaturase
1.3.99.30 phytoene desaturase (3,4-didehydrolycopene-forming)
1.3.99.37 1-hydroxy-2-isopentenylcarotenoid 3,4-desaturase
–
–
–
delta-carotene <=> alpha-carotene 5.5.1.19 lycopene beta-cyclase
–
1''-hydroxy-gamma-carotene <=> gamma-carotene + H2O 4.2.1.131 carotenoid 1,2-hydratase
–
1-hydroxyneurosporene <=> demethylspheroidene 1.3.99.27 1-hydroxycarotenoid 3,4-desaturase
–
8''-hydroxyabscisate <=> phaseic_acid not assigned
 –
4,4''-Diaponeurosporenic_acid <=> Glycosyl-4,4''-diaponeurosporenoate 2.4.1
–
violaxanthin + ascorbate <=> antheraxanthin + dehydroascorbate + H2O 1.23.5.1 violaxanthin de-epoxidase
–
15-cis-4,4''-diapophytoene + FAD + H+ <=> all-trans-4,4''-diaponeurosporene + FADH2 1.3.8.2 4,4'-diapophytoene desaturase (4,4'-diapolycopene-forming)
1.3.8.o
–
–
R.g.-Keto_I <=> R.g.-Keto_III not assigned
 –
zeaxanthin <=> Caloxanthin not assigned
 –
zeinoxanthin + reduced_flavodoxin + O2 <=> lutein + flavin + H2O 1.14.14.158 carotenoid epsilon hydroxylase
–
lycopene <=> delta-carotene 5.5.1.18 lycopene epsilon-cyclase
–
abscisic_acid + reduced_flavodoxin + O2 <=> 8''-hydroxyabscisate + flavin + H2O 1.14.14.137 (+)-abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase
–
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1-hydroxyneurosporene <=> 1-methoxyneurosporene + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+ 2.1.1
2.1.1.210 demethylspheroidene O-methyltransferase
–
–
9-cis-10''-apo-beta-carotenal + O2 <=> carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal 1.13.11.69 carlactone synthase
–
beta-cryptoxanthin <=> Thermocryptoxanthin not assigned
 –
9-cis-beta-carotene + O2 <=> 9-cis-10''-apo-beta-carotenal + beta-ionone 1.13.11.68 9-cis-beta-carotene 9',10'-cleaving dioxygenase
1.13.11.71 carotenoid-9',10'-cleaving dioxygenase
–
–
echinenone <=> canthaxanthin not assigned
 –
1-methoxylycopene + H2O <=> 3'',4''-Dihydrorhodovibrin 4.2.1.131 carotenoid 1,2-hydratase
–
beta-cryptoxanthin + 2 reduced_acceptor + 2 O2 <=> 3''-Hydroxyechinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O 1.14.99.63 beta-carotene 4-ketolase
–
all-trans-3,4-didehydrolycopene <=> torulene 2.5.1
5.5.1.19 lycopene beta-cyclase
–
–
1''-Hydroxy-gamma-carotene_glucoside <=> 1''-Hydroxy-gamma-carotene_glucoside_ester not assigned
 –
neoxanthin <=> 9''-cis-neoxanthin 5.2.1
–
9,9''-dicis-zeta-carotene + a_quinone <=> 7,9,9''-tricis-neurosporene + a_quinol 1.3.5.6 9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene desaturase
–
prephytoene_diphosphate <=> 15-cis-phytoene + diphosphate 2.5.1.32 15-cis-phytoene synthase
–
adonirubin + reduced_ferredoxin_[iron-sulfur]_cluster + H+ + O2 <=> (3S,3''S)-astaxanthin + oxidized_ferredoxin + H2O 1.14.15.24 beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
–
15-cis-phytoene + plastoquinone <=> 15,9''-di-cis-phytofluene + plastoquinol 1.3.5.5 15-cis-phytoene desaturase
–
all-trans-4,4''-diaponeurosporene + FAD + H+ <=> all-trans-4,4''-diapolycopene + FADH2 1.3.8
1.3.8.2 4,4'-diapophytoene desaturase (4,4'-diapolycopene-forming)
–
–
2-cis,4-trans-xanthoxin + NAD+ <=> abscisic_aldehyde + NADH + H+ 1.1.1.288 xanthoxin dehydrogenase
–
gamma-carotene + acceptor <=> chlorobactene + reduced_acceptor 1.3.99.39 carotenoid phi-ring synthase
–
violaxanthin <=> neoxanthin 5.3.99.9 neoxanthin synthase
–
torulene + O2 <=> 4''-apo-beta-carotenal + 3-methylbut-2-enal 1.13.11.59 torulene dioxygenase
1.13.11.67 8'-apo-beta-carotenoid 14',13'-cleaving dioxygenase
–
–
4''-apo-beta-carotenal + NAD+ + H2O <=> beta-apo-4'-carotenoic_acid + NADH + H+ 1.2.1.82 beta-apo-4'-carotenal oxygenase
–
lycopene <=> gamma-carotene 5.5.1.19 lycopene beta-cyclase
–
spirilloxanthin + O2 + reduced_ferredoxin_[iron-sulfur]_cluster + H+ <=> (3E,3'E)-1,1'-dimethoxy-3,3',4,4'-tetradehydro-1,1',2,2'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-caroten-2-one + oxidized_ferredoxin + H2O 1.14.15.9 spheroidene monooxygenase
–
3''-hydroxyechinenone + reduced_ferredoxin_[iron-sulfur]_cluster + H+ + O2 <=> adonixanthin + oxidized_ferredoxin + H2O 1.14.15.24 beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
–
Thermozeaxanthin <=> Thermobiszeaxanthin not assigned
 –
3''-hydroxyechinenone + reduced_ferredoxin_[iron-sulfur]_cluster + H+ + O2 <=> adonixanthin + oxidized_ferredoxin + H2O 1.14.15.24 beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
–
Strigolactone_ABC-rings <=> 5-Deoxystrigol not assigned
 –
echinenone + reduced_acceptor + O2 <=> canthaxanthin + acceptor + H2O 1.14.99.63 beta-carotene 4-ketolase
–
(2''S)-Deoxymyxol_2''-alpha-L-fucoside <=> (3R,2''S)-Myxol_2''-alpha-L-fucoside 1.14.13
–
Glycosyl-4,4''-diaponeurosporenoate <=> staphyloxanthin 2.3.1
–
all-trans-zeta-carotene + reduced_acceptor + O2 <=> all-trans-neurosporene + A + H2O 1.3.5.6 9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene desaturase
1.3.99.26 all-trans-zeta-carotene desaturase
1.3.99.28 phytoene desaturase (neurosporene-forming)
1.3.99.30 phytoene desaturase (3,4-didehydrolycopene-forming)
1.3.99.31 phytoene desaturase (lycopene-forming)
–
–
–
–
–
9,15,9''-tri-cis-zeta-carotene <=> 9,9''-di-cis-zeta-carotene 5.2.1.12 zeta-carotene isomerase
–
(2''S)-Deoxymyxol_2''-(2,4-di-O-methyl-alpha-L-fucoside) <=> (3R,2''S)-Myxol_2''-(2,4-di-O-methyl-alpha-L-fucoside) 1.14.13
–
violaxanthin <=> 9-cis-violaxanthin not assigned
 –
alpha-cryptoxanthin + 2 reduced_ferredoxin + H+ + O2 <=> lutein + 2 oxidized_ferredoxin + H2O 1.14.15.24 beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
–
1-hydroxylycopene <=> Rhodopinal not assigned
 –
all-trans-neurosporene <=> beta-Zeacarotene 5.5.1.19 lycopene beta-cyclase
–
lycopene <=> (2S,2''S)-Oscillol not assigned
 –
spheroidene + H2O <=> Hydroxyspheroidene 4.2.1.131 carotenoid 1,2-hydratase
–
lycopene + reduced_acceptor + O2 <=> all-trans-3,4-didehydrolycopene + acceptor + H2O 1.3.99.30 phytoene desaturase (3,4-didehydrolycopene-forming)
–
spheroiden-2-one + H2O <=> Hydroxyspheroidenone 4.2.1.131 carotenoid 1,2-hydratase
–
(2S,2''S)-Oscillol <=> (2S,2''S)-Oscillol_2,2''-di(alpha-L-fucoside) not assigned
 –
Hydroxychlorobactene <=> Hydroxychlorobactene_glucoside not assigned
 –
adonixanthin + reduced_acceptor + O2 <=> (3S,3''S)-astaxanthin + acceptor + H2O 1.14.99.63 beta-carotene 4-ketolase
1.14.99.64 zeaxanthin 4-ketolase
–
–
Xanthoxic_acid <=> abscisic_acid not assigned
 –
beta-cryptoxanthin + 2 reduced_acceptor + 2 O2 <=> 3-hydroxyechinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O 1.14.99.64 zeaxanthin 4-ketolase
–
beta-Zeacarotene <=> 7,8-Dihydro-beta-carotene 5.5.1.19 lycopene beta-cyclase
–
5-Deoxystrigol <=> Strigol 1.14.13
–
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1-hydroxy-3,4-didehydrolycopene <=> 1-methoxy-3,4-didehydrolycopene + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+ 2.1.1
2.1.1.210 demethylspheroidene O-methyltransferase
–
–
7,7',9,9'-Tetra-cis-prolycopene <=> lycopene 5.2.1.13 prolycopene isomerase
–
beta-D-glucopyranosyl_abscisate + H2O <=> abscisic_acid + D-glucose + H+ 3.2.1.175 beta-D-glucopyranosyl abscisate beta-glucosidase
–
beta-carotene <=> echinenone not assigned
 –
prephytoene_diphosphate <=> 15-cis-phytoene + diphosphate 2.5.1.32 15-cis-phytoene synthase
–
phaseic_acid <=> Dihydrophaseic_acid not assigned
 –
1''-Hydroxy-gamma-carotene <=> 1''-Hydroxy-gamma-carotene_glucoside not assigned
 –
zeaxanthin + reduced_ferredoxin_[iron-sulfur]_cluster + H+ + O2 <=> antheraxanthin + oxidized_ferredoxin + H2O 1.14.15.21 zeaxanthin epoxidase
–
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + demethylspheroidene <=> spheroidene + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+ 2.1.1.210 demethylspheroidene O-methyltransferase
–
antheraxanthin + reduced_ferredoxin_[iron-sulfur]_cluster + H+ + O2 <=> violaxanthin + oxidized_ferredoxin + H2O 1.14.15.21 zeaxanthin epoxidase
–
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1-methoxy-1'-hydroxy-3,4,3',4'-tetradehydrolycopene <=> spirilloxanthin + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+ 2.1.1
2.1.1.210 demethylspheroidene O-methyltransferase
–
–
gamma-carotene <=> (2''S)-Deoxymyxol_2''-(2,4-di-O-methyl-alpha-L-fucoside) not assigned
 –
delta-carotene <=> epsilon-carotene 5.5.1.18 lycopene epsilon-cyclase
–
(3E,3'E)-1,1'-dimethoxy-3,3',4,4'-tetradehydro-1,1',2,2'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-caroten-2-one + reduced_ferredoxin_[iron-sulfur]_cluster + O2 + H+ <=> 2,2''-dioxospirilloxanthin + oxidized_ferredoxin + H2O 1.14.15.9 spheroidene monooxygenase
–
1-methoxy-1'-hydroxy-3,4-didehydrolycopene <=> 1-methoxy-1'-hydroxy-3,4,3',4'-tetradehydrolycopene 1.3.99.27 1-hydroxycarotenoid 3,4-desaturase
–
all-trans-phytoene + acceptor <=> all-trans-phytofluene + reduced_acceptor 1.3.5.5 15-cis-phytoene desaturase
–
3'',4''-Dihydrorhodovibrin + S-adenosyl-L-methionine <=> 3,4,3'',4''-Tetrahydrospirilloxanthin + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine 2.1.1.210 demethylspheroidene O-methyltransferase
–
9-cis-violaxanthin + O2 <=> 2-cis,4-trans-xanthoxin + (3S,5R,6S)-5,6-epoxy-3-hydroxy-5,6-dihydro-12''-apo-beta-caroten-12''-al 1.13.11.51 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase
–
zeaxanthin + O2 + reduced_acceptor <=> adonixanthin + H2O + acceptor 1.14.99.64 zeaxanthin 4-ketolase
–
beta-carotene + O2 + reduced_ferredoxin_[iron-sulfur]_cluster + H+ <=> beta-cryptoxanthin + H2O + oxidized_ferredoxin 1.14
1.14.13
1.14.15.24 beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
–
–
–
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1-hydroxylycopene <=> S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 1-methoxylycopene 2.1.1.210 demethylspheroidene O-methyltransferase
–
alpha-carotene + reduced_flavodoxin + O2 <=> alpha-cryptoxanthin + flavin + H2O 1.14.14.158 carotenoid epsilon hydroxylase
–
beta-cryptoxanthin + O2 + reduced_ferredoxin_[iron-sulfur]_cluster + H+ <=> zeaxanthin + H2O + oxidized_ferredoxin 1.14
1.14.13
1.14.15.24 beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
–
–
–
alpha-carotene + 4 reduced_ferredoxin_[iron-sulfur]_cluster + 2 H+ + 2 O2 <=> zeinoxanthin + 4 oxidized_ferredoxin + 2 H2O 1.14
1.14.15.24 beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
–
–
Abscisic_alcohol <=> abscisic_acid not assigned
 –
all-trans-phytofluene + acceptor <=> all-trans-zeta-carotene + reduced_acceptor 1.3.5.5 15-cis-phytoene desaturase
1.3.99.28 phytoene desaturase (neurosporene-forming)
1.3.99.29 phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)
1.3.99.30 phytoene desaturase (3,4-didehydrolycopene-forming)
1.3.99.31 phytoene desaturase (lycopene-forming)
–
–
–
–
–
1-hydroxylycopene <=> lycopene + H2O 4.2.1.131 carotenoid 1,2-hydratase
–
15,9''-di-cis-phytofluene + plastoquinone <=> 9,15,9''-tri-cis-zeta-carotene + plastoquinol 1.3.5.5 15-cis-phytoene desaturase
–
zeaxanthin <=> Thermozeaxanthin not assigned
 –
(2E,6E)-farnesyl_diphosphate <=> presqualene_diphosphate + diphosphate 2.5.1.103 presqualene diphosphate synthase
2.5.1.21 squalene synthase
2.5.1.96 4,4'-diapophytoene synthase
–
–
–
Hydroxychlorobactene <=> chlorobactene + H2O 4.2.1.131 carotenoid 1,2-hydratase
–
presqualene_diphosphate <=> 15-cis-4,4''-diapophytoene + diphosphate 2.5.1.96 4,4'-diapophytoene synthase
–
antheraxanthin + ascorbate <=> zeaxanthin + dehydroascorbate + H2O 1.23.5.1 violaxanthin de-epoxidase
–
echinenone + 2 reduced_ferredoxin_[iron-sulfur]_cluster + H+ + O2 <=> 3''-hydroxyechinenone + 2 oxidized_ferredoxin + H2O 1.14.13
1.14.15.24 beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
–
–
beta-isorenieratene + acceptor <=> isorenieratene + reduced_acceptor 1.3.99.39 carotenoid phi-ring synthase
–
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor <=> all-trans-phytofluene + reduced_acceptor 1.3.99.28 phytoene desaturase (neurosporene-forming)
1.3.99.29 phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)
1.3.99.30 phytoene desaturase (3,4-didehydrolycopene-forming)
1.3.99.31 phytoene desaturase (lycopene-forming)
–
–
–
–
UDP-glucose + zeaxanthin <=> zeaxanthin_bis(beta-D-glucoside) + UDP + H+ 2.4.1.276 zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase
–
4,4''-Diaponeurosporene + 3 reduced_acceptor + 3 O2 <=> 4,4''-Diaponeurosporenic_acid + 3 acceptor + 4 H2O 1.14.99.44 diapolycopene oxygenase
–
3-hydroxyechinenone + O2 + reduced_acceptor <=> adonirubin + H2O + acceptor 1.14.99.63 beta-carotene 4-ketolase
1.14.99.64 zeaxanthin 4-ketolase
–
–
gamma-carotene <=> beta-carotene 5.5.1.19 lycopene beta-cyclase
–

Visualization of the pathway